The figures and trends for the vehicles of the future

We would like to answer the following questions regarding the vehicles of the future.

1/ How much will cost an hydrogen car compare to an ICE car (internal combustion engine), an electric car or an hybrid electric car?
2/ How much will cost to fuel an hydrogen car compare to a ICE car ?
3/ How much energy is needed for driving 100km for the different car technologies?


The aim of the below table is to answer those questions and to visualize the trends in 20 years:

Item
Year
ICE car
Hybrid car
Electric car
Hydrogen car
Car price
(keuros)

Class A/B
2023
11(1)
15(2)
17(3)
20(4)
2013

(5)
(6)
28 (7)
50 (8)
2003
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Cost for 100km
(euros)
2023
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
2013
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
2003
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
Autonomy with 1 fill (Km)
2023
>800(25)
>800 (26)
200 (27)
600 (28)
2013
(29)
(30)
160 (31)
525 (32)
2003
(33)
(34)
160 (35)
360 (36)
Required energy for driving 100km
(Kwhr/100km)

2023
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
2013
(41)
(42)
13 (43)
36 (44)
2003
120 (45)
(46)
15 (47)
36 (48)


References:
(1), (2), (3), (4) From a portfolio of power-trains for Europe, a fact-based analysis -2012, exhibit 29
(7), (31), (43) BMW i3, commercial deployment in France, November 2013. 19KWhr lithium-ion battery capacity.  12,9KWhr energy spent per 100km
(8), (32), (44) Hyundai ix35, first commercial FCEV vehicle. Will be sold commercially in 2015.  5,6kg 700bar. Autonomy announced: 525km. Consumption of 1,1kg H2 per 100km
(25), (26), (27), (28) From a portfolio of power-trains for Europe, a fact-based analysis -2012, exhibit 36
(35) Mitsubishi iMiEv. 160km autonomy with 16KWhr battery pack. David JC MacKay, Sustainable Energy- without the hot air – 2009
(36) Honda FCX clarity. H2 tank of 4,1kg, 350bar. Consumption of 91km/kg or 1,1kg H2 per 100km. David JC MacKay, Sustainable Energy- without the hot air – 2009
(45) Let’s consider a typical consumption for ICE cars of 12L/100km (David JC MacKay, Sustainable Energy- without the hot air – 2009) with an energy of 10KWhr/liter of gasoil, so we get an energy of 120 Kwhr / 100 Km
(47) Study by David JC MacKay, Sustainable Energy- without the hot air – 2009
(48) Energy density of hydrogen is 33,3KWhr/Kg. Given the consumption of hydrogen cars of 1,1Kg per 100km. The energy necessary for driving 100km is 36KWhr



Notes :

 The best-practice energy cost of making hydrogen from natural gas is 63KWhr/kg (52Kwhr of natural gas and 11KWhr of electricity) (CUTE, 2006). So filling up the tank of 4,1kg for the Honda FCX Clarity has an energy cost of 258 KWhr and 69KWhr/100km. David JC MacKay, Sustainable Energy- without the hot air – 2009